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Footnotes for Chapter 1
1. The current movements of rebellion, especially those of youth, while they necessarily reflect the peculiarities of their respective settings, manifest in their
essence this preoccupation with people as beings in the world and with the world - preoccupation with what and how they are "being." As they place consumer civilization in judgment, denounce bureaucracies of all types, demand the transformation of the universities (changing the rigid nature of the teacher-student relationship and placing that relationship within the context of reality), propose the transformation of reality itself so that universities can be renewed, attack old orders and established institutions in the attempt to affirm human beings as the Subjects of decision, all these movements reflect the style of our age, which is more anthropological than anthropocentric.
2. As used throughout this book, the term "contradiction" denotes the dialectical conflict between opposing social forces. - Translator's note.
3. This fear of freedom is also to be found in the oppressors, though, obviously, in a different form. The oppressed are afraid to embrace freedom; the oppressors are afraid of losing the "freedom" to oppress.
4. See Hegel, op. cit., pp. 236-237.
5. Analyzing the dialectical relationship between the consciousness of the master and the consciousness of the oppressed, Hegel states: "The one is independent, and its essential nature is to be for itself; the other is dependent, and its essence is life or existence for another. The former is the Master, or Lord, the latter the Bondsman." Ibid., p. 234.
6. "Liberating action necessarily involves a moment of perception and volition. This action both precedes and follows that moment, to which it first acts as a prologue and which it subsequently serves to effect and continue within history. The action of domination, however, does not necessarily imply this dimension; for the structure of domination is maintained by its own mechanical and unconscious functionality." From an unpublished work by José Luiz Fiori, who has kindly granted permission to quote him.
7. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, La Sagrada Familia y otros Escritos (Mexico, 1962), p. 6. Emphasis added.
Traslation (from Spanish): The Holy Family and Other Writings
Translation of Corresponding Quote (from Spanish): It is necessary to make the real oppression even more oppressive by adding to it the conscience of oppression, and making the infamy even more infamous by proclaiming it.
8. Georg Lukacs, Lenine (Paris, 1965), p. 62.
Translation of Corresponding Quote (from French): ...he must, to use Marx's words, explain to the masses their own action, not only to ensure the continuity of the proletariat's revolutionary experiences, but also to consciously activate the further development of these experiences.
9. "The materialist doctrine that men are products of circumstances and upbringing, and that, therefore, changed men are products of other circumstances and changed upbringing, forgets that it is men that change circumstances and that the educator himself needs educating." Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Selected Works (New York, 1968), p. 28.
10. This appears to be the fundamental aspect of Mao's Cultural Revolution.
11. This rigidity should not be identified with the restraints that must be imposed on the former oppressors so they cannot restore the oppressive order. Rather,
it refers to the revolution which becomes stagnant and turns against the people, using the old repressive, bureaucratic State apparatus (which should have been drastically suppressed, as Marx so often emphasized).
12. Erich Fromm, The Heart of Man (New York, 1966), p. 32.
13. Regarding the "dominant forms of social control," see Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston, 1964) and Eros and Civilization (Boston, 1955).
14. Words of a peasant during an interview with the author.
15. See Candido Mendes, Memento dos vivos - A Esquerda católica no Brasil (Rio, 1966).
Translation (from Portuguese): Memento of the Living - The Catholic Left in Brazil...I think it was published by Tempo Brasileiro in 1966
16. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York, 1968), p. 52.
17. The Colonizer and the Colonized (Boston, 1967), p. x.
18. Words of a peasant during an interview with the author.
19. See chapter 3, p. 113 ff. - Translator's note.
20. Asentamiento refers to a production unit of the Chilean agrarian reform experiment. - Translator's note.
21. "The peasant has an almost instinctive fear of the boss." Interview with a peasant.
22. See Regis Debray, Revolution in the Revolution? (New York, 1967).
23. Interview with a peasant.
24. Not in the open, of course; that would only provoke the fury of the oppressor and lead to still greater repression.
25. These points will be discussed at length in chapter 4.
26. Fromm, op. cit., pp. 52-53.
27. Alvaro Vieira Pinto, from a work in preparation on the philosophy of science. I consider the quoted portion of great importance for the understanding of a problem-posing pedagogy (to be presented in chapter 2), and wish to thank Professor Vieira Pinto for permission to cite his work prior to publication.